Understanding Pre-Eclampsia: Risks, Symptoms, and Treatment

Highlights

• Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that causes high blood pressure and can affect organs such as the kidneys, liver, and brain.
• Most women with pre-eclampsia do not show symptoms, which is why regular antenatal checks are crucial.
• If untreated, pre-eclampsia can lead to serious problems for both the mother and the baby.

In This Article

• What is pre-eclampsia?
• Symptoms of pre-eclampsia
• Causes and risk factors
• Diagnosis and treatment
• Post-birth care
• Prevention and complications
• Impact on the baby
• Pre-eclampsia and future pregnancies

What is Pre-Eclampsia?

Pre-eclampsia is a serious medical condition that usually occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It causes high blood pressure and can affect several organs, including the liver, kidneys, and brain. If untreated, pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby.

Symptoms of Pre-Eclampsia

Most women with pre-eclampsia do not experience noticeable symptoms, which is why routine antenatal appointments are essential. Symptoms of severe pre-eclampsia may include:

• High blood pressure
• Sudden swelling of hands, face, and feet
• Persistent headaches
• Vision changes (flashing lights or spots)
• Severe pain below the ribs
• Unrelieved heartburn
• General unwell feeling

If you notice any of these symptoms, contact your doctor or midwife immediately.

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause is not fully understood, but several factors may increase the risk of developing pre-eclampsia, including:

• A history of pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes or kidney disease
• Autoimmune conditions like lupus
• Multiple pregnancies (twins or more)

Additional risk factors include being overweight, having a first pregnancy, being over 40 years old, and a family history of pre-eclampsia.

Diagnosis and treatment

Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed through routine check-ups where your doctor or midwife will monitor your blood pressure. If high blood pressure is detected, further tests may include:

• Urine tests for protein
• Blood tests to assess organ function

The baby’s health will also be monitored through ultrasound scans and fetal heart rate monitoring.

How is Pre-Eclampsia Treated?

If diagnosed with pre-eclampsia, hospital monitoring and treatment may be required. Common treatments include:

• Medications to lower blood pressure
• Medications to prevent seizures
• Close monitoring throughout the pregnancy

The only cure for pre-eclampsia is the birth of the baby. In severe cases, early delivery may be necessary based on gestational age and the severity of the condition.

Post-birth care

After delivery, the risk of complications remains high. Continued monitoring and potential blood pressure medication may be required for several days. It is crucial to attend a postnatal check-up to ensure blood pressure returns to normal.

Can Pre-Eclampsia Be Prevented?

While no medication can completely prevent pre-eclampsia, doctors may recommend:

• Low-dose aspirin
• Calcium or vitamin D supplements

Regular check-ups allow for early detection and management of the condition, especially for those at higher risk.

Prevention and complications

Some severe complications include:

• HELLP syndrome (bleeding and liver problems)
• Seizures (eclampsia)
• Stroke
• Kidney failure
• Pulmonary edema (fluid retention)
• Placental abruption

Women with a history of pre-eclampsia may also face an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and kidney disease in the future.

Pre-eclampsia and future pregnancies

Pre-eclampsia can limit placental function, potentially affecting the baby’s growth. In severe cases, early delivery may be necessary. Babies born prematurely or with growth restrictions may require specialized care in a neonatal unit.

Will I Have Pre-Eclampsia in Future Pregnancies?

Having pre-eclampsia in one pregnancy increases the risk of it occurring again in future pregnancies. A medical consultation is recommended before planning another pregnancy to discuss potential risks and precautions.

Tools and Assistance

If you have been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia or are at risk, consider using the following tools and seeking assistance:

• Routine Monitoring: Regular antenatal visits to monitor blood pressure, urine tests, and fetal health assessments.
• Blood Pressure Management: Medication may be prescribed to manage high blood pressure during pregnancy.
• Hospital Care: In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for closer monitoring and treatments like seizure prevention and blood pressure control.
• Nutritional Support: Consult a dietitian for a balanced diet that supports your health during pregnancy, especially if you’re advised to take supplements like calcium or vitamin D.
• Mental Health Support: Pre-eclampsia can be emotionally and mentally challenging. Seeking support from a mental health professional, counselor, or support group may help cope with anxiety and stress during this time.
• Postnatal Care: After birth, ensure you attend postnatal check-ups for blood pressure monitoring and follow-up care.